A new all-solid-state ion selective electrode (ASS-ISE) was developed for the determination of thulium trivalent cation. The potentiometric sensor was made by depositing a thin PVC membrane containing N՛-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]-2-furohydrazide (L) as a selectophore on a conducting solid-state electrode. The solid-state electrode was a thin copper wire coated by a mixture of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and an epoxy resin. The optimal composition of the PVC membrane was 25%wt. of PVC powder, 68% wt. of benzyl acetate, 2% wt. of sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB)), and 5% wt. of L. The sensor showed good selectivity for Tm3+ ion with a Nernstian calibration plot slope of 19.6±0.4 mV/decade in Tm3+ ion solutions with concentrations ranging from 1.0×10-8 M to 1.0×10-3 M, and its limit of detection was as low as 6.3×10-9 M. The proposed sensor was able to detect Tm3+ cations in the wastewater matrix.

A Ce3+ all-solid-state ion selective electrode (ASS-ISE) was developed and applied in the analysis of this ion in samples with complex matrices. The electrode includes conductive multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) -epoxy resin substrate on a copper wire, which was later coated with a Ce3+-selective PVC membrane film, optimally composed of 25% wt. of PVC, 65% wt. of nitrobenzene (NB), 2% wt. of sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB)), and 8% wt. of N’-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]-2-furohydrazide (L) as a Ce3+-selective ion carrier. The optimal ASS-ISE showed a Nernstian behavior with a calibration curve slope of 19.3±0.4 mV/decade in the concentration window of 1.0×10-7 M to 1.0×10-4 M, and its limit of detection (LOD) reached 5.0×10-8 M. The electrode had outstanding selectivity for the target ion in the presence of varied commonly occurring interfering ions and could be satisfactorily used in the determination of cerium ion concentration in wastewater samples.

An all-solid-state polymeric membrane electrode (ASS-PME) has been constructed for the analysis of Verapamil (VP) which is a calcium channel blocker used in the management of angina, arrhythmia and hypertension. The PME element of the ASS-PME has been based on the application of an ion-pair sensing reagent and the results revealed the best sensing behavior to occur in the case of compositions of 6%wt VP-tetraphenyl borate (the sensing element), 62%wt dioctyl phthalate as the solvent mediator, 30%wt poly(vinyl chloride) and 2%wt of an ionic liquid. The ASS element, on the other hand, is made of a composite of graphite, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and epoxy resin coated on a Cu wire. The response behavior of the ASS-PME device was found to be linear from 1. 0×10-7 to 1. 0×10-3 M, with a slope of 55. 3± 0. 2 mV/decade and a detection limit of 7. 0×10-8 M was reached under the optimal conditions. The device was also successfully used in the real sample analysis.

Due to the increasing development of one, two and three dimensional methods of nuclear magnetic resonance in recent years and the need to develop new research and applications of this device in the country, this article attempts to introduce new applications in this field. The applications of this technique in the fields of medicine and food industry and solid state and recent device developments in this field are briefly introduced.

A novel all-solid-state ion selective electrode (ASS-ISE) has been constructed for the determination of Pb(II) ions in complex aqueous media. The ASS-ISE is constructed of a layer of a conductive graphite-epoxy resin composite on a copper wire, further coated with a Pb(II) selective PVC membrane. The optimal PVC membrane is composed of 31% PVC, 62% nitrobenzen (NB), 2% of sodium tetraphenyl borate, and 5% of N, N՛-dimethylcyanodiaza-18-crown-6 as a selectophore (L). The studies proved the device to have a Nernstian response (i. e. 29. 4± 0. 3 mV per decade) in a concentration range from 1. 0×10-8 mol L-1 to 1. 0×10-3 mol L-1, with a lower detection limit of 4. 0×10-9 mol L-1. The proposed ASS-ISE was also found to possess a good Pb(II)-selectivity as opposed to various interfering cations. The device was further practically tested in the analysis of lead content of some water samples with complex matrices.

The focus of this work is on the preparation of a Cu2+ all-solid-state ion selective electrode (ASS-ISE) to be used in the analysis of copper ions in complex samples. The ASS-ISE was composed of a conductive substrate of graphite-epoxy resin on a copper wire. This conductive substrate was further coated with a layer of Cu2+-selective PVC membrane, comprising 32% of PVC, 57% of nitrobenzene (NB) as the plasticizing solvent, 2% of an ionic additive (i. e. sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB)), and 9% of an organic ligand named 3-(2-methyl-2, 3-dihydrobenzothiazol-2-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one (L) as the selective ionophore. The device with the optimal composition had a Nernstian response of 29. 3± 0. 3 mV/decade from 1. 0×10-8 M to 1. 0×10-3 M of the analyte and its lower detection limit was estimated at be 4. 0×10-9 M. The ASS-ISE showed excellent selectivity for the target ion in the presence of various common interfering ions, and was found to be satisfactorily applicable to the analysis of copper electroplating waste water samples.

In this research, new lithium ion conductor glass-ceramics with NASICON-type structure (Li1+x+yAlxCryGe2-x-y (PO4)3, x+y=0.5) were synthesized using melt-quenching method and converted to glass-ceramics through heat treatment. Influence of addition of different concentrations of aluminum and chromium in LiGe2(PO4)3 glass-ceramic was investigated for ionic conduction improvement. Substitution of Ge4+ions in NASICON structure by Al3+ and Cr3+ions induced more Li+ions in A2 vacant sites to obtain charge balance and also changed the unit cell parameters. These two factors led to ionic conductivity improvement of synthesized glass-ceramics. The glass-ceramics were characterized and the amorth structures were investigated by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Complex Impedance Spectroscopy (CIS). The highest lithium ion conductivity of 8.82´10-3 S/cm was obtained for x=0.4 and y=0.1 (Li1.5Al0.4Cr0.1Ge1.5 (PO4)3) crystallized at 850oC for 8 h with minimum activation energy of 0.267 eV.

Lithiated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a new type of polymer electrolyte membrane as a separator for Li-ion batteries. By incorporating lithium ions into the PET structure, lithiated- PET can enable the transport of lithium ions while blocking the passage of electrons, thereby acting as a selective separator in a battery. Here, H-PET is swollen by two lithium precursors of LiOH and LiI with two concentrations. Lithium incorporation is revealed by XRD and FTIR analyses. Impedance spectroscopy shows that lithiated PET by LiI salt exhibits a bulk ion conductivity of 7.79 × 10-5 S cm-1 at 25 °C and 6.15 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 120 °C. The mechanism of Li-ion migration in Li-PET is based on the movement through the oxygen in the ester functional groups. When the ionomer of PET is phonon-activated under the temperature, segmental movement of ionomers and local dis-orderings enhance the Li-ion conductivity. Therefore, Li-PET as a lightweight polymer electrolyte can be a suitable replacement for the standard liquid electrolyte/separator systems in advanced lithium batteries.